A Case of Pulmonary Cryptococcosis with Normal Immune Function
Xiuzhi Shi,
Hua Ke,
Jie Liu,
Xiaohong Cao
Issue:
Volume 9, Issue 6, December 2021
Pages:
157-161
Received:
16 October 2021
Accepted:
9 November 2021
Published:
12 November 2021
Abstract: Objective Pulmonary cryptococcosis (PC) is a pulmonary fungal disease caused by Cryptococcus neoformans infection, the clinical manifestations are pneumonia or pulmonary nodules, or acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) in severe cases. But its clinical manifestations lack specificity, so it is often misdiagnosed or missed in recent years. Pulmonary cryptococcosis is common in patients with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and non-HIV-associated immunosuppression, it has been found that pulmonary cryptococcosis is also common in people with sound immune function. The purpose of this paper is to report the diagnosis and treatment process of a patient with pulmonary cryptococcosis in our hospital, so as to provide reference for the diagnosis and treatment of the disease and reduce the misdiagnosis rate and missed diagnosis rate of the disease. Methods The diagnosis and treatment process of a case of pulmonary cryptococcosis in our hospital were reviewed. Results Combined with the patient's lung CT Imaging manifestations, and environmental exposure history and immune status, pulmonary cryptococcosis was considered. After empirical anti-cryptococcosis treatment, the patient's symptoms improved, and pulmonary nodules disappeared according to lung CT review. Conclusion Clinicians should identify the imaging characteristics of patients with cryptococcus pneumonicum and combine them with their environmental exposure history and immune status to avoid missed diagnosis and delayed disease.
Abstract: Objective Pulmonary cryptococcosis (PC) is a pulmonary fungal disease caused by Cryptococcus neoformans infection, the clinical manifestations are pneumonia or pulmonary nodules, or acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) in severe cases. But its clinical manifestations lack specificity, so it is often misdiagnosed or missed in recent years. Pul...
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Dietary Fiber, Gut Microbiota, Short-Chain Fatty Acids, and Host Metabolism
Linyue Hou,
Yuneng Yang,
Baosheng Sun,
Youlin Jing,
Weixi Deng
Issue:
Volume 9, Issue 6, December 2021
Pages:
162-172
Received:
13 October 2021
Accepted:
5 November 2021
Published:
12 November 2021
Abstract: With the rapid development of gut microbiological research and high-throughput sequencing technology, we have gained a better understanding of the effects of the gut microbiota and its metabolites such as short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) on the metabolism of hosts. This effect was found closely related with the consumed dietary fiber by hosts. Dietary fiber has been proven to be very important for hosts. However, hosts such as human, chickens and other monogastric animals cannot digest dietary fiber due to a lack of endogenous fiber-degrading enzymes; therefore, they must rely on gut microorganisms who own endogenous fiber-degrading enzymes such as carbohydrate-active enZymes (CAZymes) encoded by gene. Excellent fiber-degrading bacteria include members of Bacteroidetes phylum such as Bacteroides and Prevotella and members of Firmicutes phylum including Ruminococcus, Fibrobacter, Butyrivibrio, Ruminiclostridium and so on. These fiber-degrading bacteria degrade fiber into monosaccharides via different degrading mechanisms. For instance, Bacteroidetes degrade a dozen kinds of plant fiber using its unique arm-polysaccharide utilization locus (PUL). In contrast to Bacteroidetes, members of the Firmicutes use gram-positive PULs (gp PULs) to process fiber. Some members of the Firmicutes can degrade cellulose and hemicellulose through the cellulosome pathway. And then some oligosaccharides and glucose produced by dietary fiber degradation can be used as carbon and energy sources for microbial growth, thus increasing the diversity of microorganisms. Dietary fiber is the substrate of gut microorganisms. The left monosaccharides are fermented into short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) by SCFA-producing bacteria including Bifidobacterium, Phascolarctobacterium, Faecalibacterium and so on via different pathways. SCFAs mainly include acetate, propionate and butyrate. SCFAs can further regulate the host's metabolism including energy metabolism, host appetite, liver metabolism and the glucose balance via SCFA receptors including GPR41 and GPR43 or other mechanisms. Therefore, gut microorganisms are also called our “second genome” or “forgotten organs”. In this paper, we provide an overview of the interactions among dietary fiber, gut microbiota, SCFAs and host metabolism.
Abstract: With the rapid development of gut microbiological research and high-throughput sequencing technology, we have gained a better understanding of the effects of the gut microbiota and its metabolites such as short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) on the metabolism of hosts. This effect was found closely related with the consumed dietary fiber by hosts. Dieta...
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An Equation for the Prediction of Oxygen Consumption in Chinese Adults
Li Chen,
Runwen Qi,
Wen Zhou,
Xi Chen,
Shaohong Zhang,
Jiaming Ye,
Zijun Ge,
Sijing Ye,
Chao Liu
Issue:
Volume 9, Issue 6, December 2021
Pages:
173-179
Received:
28 October 2021
Accepted:
23 November 2021
Published:
24 November 2021
Abstract: To develop and validate a reference equation (RE) for prediction of VO2peak in Chinese adults and compare the equation cited by Wasserman, Edvardsen, Nevil and Itoh. we reviewed the data of 554 adults with treadmill Bruce protocol of CPET (breath by breath) from R+ clinic in Chengdu. Ultimately, 313 adults (aged from 20-59 years) including smokers, obese, were judged to have normal cardiorespiratory system without vascular disease (CVD), hypertension, diabetes and other chronic pulmonary disease based on case history, physical, electrocardiogram during rest and exercise, and exercise performance. The 313 sample was divided into 80% construction group (CG) and 20% validation group (VG) using a case random method. Oxygen consumption, Maximal heart rate (HRmax) and respiratory exchange ratio (RER) were collected in the state of exhaustion. The influence of potential confounding factors, such as age, sex, weight, height and BMI were analyzed for their influencing power at the RE. The equation was predicted by regression analyses. RE was also tested in the VG. Simultaneously, we compared measure VO2peak with predicted values calculated with four equations from Wasserman, Edvardsen, Nevil and Itoh. The line chart that predicted VO2max changes in BMI, height classification and measured among equations was plotted. The mean age and VO2max were 36.63±9.49 years and 32.82 ± 6.01 ml.kg-1.min-1, respectively. For model construction, two prediction equations with acceptable accuracy were developed (R2 = 0.67 - 0.71; SEE = 0.02028 - 0.02033). In VG, the difference was not significant between measured and predicted VO2peak from model 2 and model 1 (P > 0.05). However, difference came up between the average VO2peak predicted by cited equation and the CPET measured VO2peak, as well as the difference gotten from the RE (P < 0.001). RE presents VO2max values close to those directly measured by CPET, while Europe and America equations overestimated the VO2max. The predicted values of VO2max calculated from Itoh equation revealed a very good consistence among normal and low weight.
Abstract: To develop and validate a reference equation (RE) for prediction of VO2peak in Chinese adults and compare the equation cited by Wasserman, Edvardsen, Nevil and Itoh. we reviewed the data of 554 adults with treadmill Bruce protocol of CPET (breath by breath) from R+ clinic in Chengdu. Ultimately, 313 adults (aged from 20-59 years) including smokers,...
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